![]() NS and NW were associated with an increased overall healthfulness (healthfulness ratings of products purchased using models such as FSAm-NPS/HCSP) by 7.9% and 26%, respectively. Nutri-Score (NS) and warning labels appeared effective in reducing consumers’ probability of selecting less healthful products (NS, 0.66 NW,0.65 HW,0.64 ). We found that the traffic light labelling system (TLS), nutrient warning (NW), and health warning (HW) were associated with an increased probability of selecting more healthful products (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals : TLS, 1.5 NW, 3.61 HW, 1.65 ). ![]() A total of 156 studies (including 101 RCTs and 55 non-RCTs) nested in 138 articles were incorporated into the systematic review, of which 134 studies in 120 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. A frequentist NMA method was applied to pool the results. ![]() Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies were included for the primary outcomes (measures of changes in consumers’ purchasing and consuming behaviour). We conducted a literature review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 1990 and in PubMed, Embase via Ovid, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SCOPUS.
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